英検1級 攻略法(長文四択問題)

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2023/7/19

長文四択問題 攻略法

英検1級の筆記試験の多くの時間が長文四択問題に割かれることになります。具体的には、設問が3つの大問が2つ、設問が4つの大問が1つ。所要時間はその大問3つすべて解くのに早く解ける人でも30分~40分、長文が苦手な人だと50分以上かかってしまうかもしれません。つまり、筆記試験全体の試験時間が約100分なので、半分はこのタイプの問題で占められていると言えます(補足:2024のリニューアルで少し長文の量と設問の数が減るそうです)。


言い換えれば、四択長文問題が苦手な人は大問1の語彙問題、英作文、リスニングがよほど得意でないとこのセクションで致命的なミスを繰り返した場合、リカバリーが難しくなります。英検1級の早期合格を狙うなら、この「四択長文問題」の攻略は不可欠です。前回お話しした「空所補充長文を得点源にする」秘訣と重なる部分は多いですが、端的に言うと以下が重要ポイントになります。


①タイトルからまず内容を予測・推測(筆者はタイトルに対して【何/誰がどうするか】の文章展開をする)する。


②メインセンテンス[トピックセンテンス](筆者の主張(イイタイコト)←段落の最初か最後が多い)を押さえ、話題の中心を把握する。


③設問に目を通しどんな情報を把握すべきかメドをつけましょう。その目印は以下となります。

Ⅰ設問部分の名詞(固有名詞等)と同じ語句を本文から探す、

Ⅱ時を表す副詞に注目(in the past, now, recentlyなど)、

Ⅲ逆接語(but, however, yetなど)の後

*while, although, whereas, meanwhileなどの対比表現にも注目

Ⅳ理由表現(because, since, as, due to~など)に注意

Ⅴ追加情報:複数の“example”がある場合は最後のものが設問に絡みやすい。

In addition、moreover, also、another~」などの語に注意。

④偉い人

「(固有名詞や専門家(プロ)等)が~した。:発見した(discovered)・研究した(researched/studied)思う(think)・信じる(believe)の中身に注目」

⑤要求表現

(should, need to, ask人to原形等)が需要、必要性を示す。

⑥感情表現

:例)like, dislike, happy、unhappy,

sad、surprised)

⑦動植物の特徴(できることや珍しいこと)

⑧できること、できないこと(can, be able to)

⑨その他

☆因果関係、☆メリット・デメリット、☆Problems←Solutions、

☆実験・調査→新事実 ☆物事の増減や変化


以上の視点から設問に必要な本文箇所(正答の根拠となる部分)を押さえられるようになると、四択長文問題の正答数を上げ、合格につなげることは十分可能です。


長文四択問題 実践編

実際に問題を解いて正答を選ぶプロセスを解説いたします。私が以前、別な目的で書いた英語の小論文を「英検1級・準1級レベルの長文読解問題」用に編集したものを使います。英検1級の受験者には少し易しめかもしれませんが、解法のプロセスに注目していただければと思います。


Japan’s Economic Aid


Since the establishment of OECF (The

Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund of Japan) in 1962, Japan has been extending

a lot of economic assistance to developing countries for more than 40 years.

While it is true that our country has promoted the prosperity of these

countries in some ways, it is also true that increasing numbers of people claim

that Japan’s financial

help is not properly monitored or effectively used for people in need, and that

there are many problems piling up. In fact, it is said that the improper use of

the funding and the shortage of sustainable help still impede the prosperity of

some impoverished countries in the realms of economics, medicine and education.

I believe that it is important for us to analyze the current situations, and that

we must find good ways to improve them. That’s why I’d like to suggest three things as follows.


Let us first consider the importance of the effective monitoring system.

According to the media coverage, for example, so far, ODA (Official Development

Assistance) has not been properly used as it was supposed to be. In some cases,

corrupted local politicians embezzle the money and use it for personal purposes

including building a big house and buying an expensive car. Thus, the needy

people cannot enjoy the benefits of financial assistance. Then, what should the

government do to change these situations? This question is a good starting

point in contemplating some effective counter measures. I think the bottom line

is that Japan should establish the effective system of checking in cooperation

with the recipient countries and conduct it in a straightforward manner. The

combination of strict regulations and mandatory feedback can create the

environment in which it is no longer easy for people in power to abuse the

funds. One thing that the concerned governments ought to do is to enact laws to

prevent any abuse of ODA and severely punish offenders such as imposing heavy

fines on criminals and imprisoning them. Another thing is that those who use

the money have to release a report to the monitoring organization, showing the

details of what they spent the money on. The details should be open to the

public to maintain transparency and validity.


In addition, we should always keep in mind that Japan’s

financial assistance should be offered to best benefit the local people, rather

than please the donors. In the course of giving the assistance, the donors seem

to have lost sight of the true meaning of economic aid to people in need. Some

experts criticize that Japan’s ODA mainly benefits the

nation instead of the local residents. For instance, Japan’s ODA focuses way too much on infrastructure building and the

economic growth of developing countries. This may be very profitable for

Japanese corporations which join some projects of ODA, but it is often

inconsistent with the interests of local people. Statistically speaking, only

20% of the whole population in Thailand can enjoy most of the benefits of GDP

(Gross Domestic Product). Building unnecessary roads and bridges for local

people in poor countries is also such utter nonsense that I can’t believe that financial givers do the right things for the needy

people. Therefore, the government should thoroughly investigate exactly what

the local people need beforehand and extend economic aid accordingly.


Furthermore, Japan ought to offer economic assistance in a sustainable fashion.

To provide an example: the government once built an advanced hospital in

Manila, the Philippines. Unfortunately, this assistance was not as great as everyone

involved in the project made it seem, because the staff of the hospital couldn’t make the best of almost all the high-quality facilities due to

frequent blackouts, low awareness of local people, and lack of funds to cover

the maintenance cost and workforce. I believe that the government ought to

offer assistance based on the actual situations of recipient countries. It is

also essential to educate local residents to be independent. If not, they tend

to continuously depend on the assistance from Japan. Once the assistance is

over, they should stand on their own. In order to make the economic aid

meaningful and long-lasting, this idea is truly something that everyone should

keep in mind.


All things considered, the government should properly give financial aid with a

good monitoring system, to the advantage of local people and as effective

assistance. At some point in the near future, we may be able to see better

results if the government does the things according to the suggestions I

mentioned above.


(38)What is one of the problems about Japan’s financial

aid?

1.Japan has not offered sufficient economic aid to developing countries.

2.A growing number of people criticize Japan for impeding the prosperity of

some developing nations.

3.Some economic aid from Japan is not appropriately applied to the needy people

due to lack of the good system of checking.

4.Japan neither tries to analyze the current situations nor corrects them


(39)What does the author suggest Japan do to have its aid efficiently used?

1.Japan ought to punish corrupted local politicians severely.

2.Japan should make recipient countries enact strict laws so that the further

misuse of its ODA may be stopped.

3.The detailed information about the use of ODA should be open to Japan.

4.Both givers and receivers of ODA should cooperate to put things under control

and grasp the actual conditions about how the financial aid is used.


(40)Why does the author bring up the examples of Thailand and the Philippines?

1.To show that Japan’s ODA only satisfies donors, not

local residents.

2.To argue that Japan’s ODA can hardly bring the

greatest merits to the people in need.

3.To emphasize that Japan’s ODA is used to build

unwanted bridges and roads.

4.To indicate that Japan’s ODA often provides local

people with high-tech equipment, which may not be properly used by them.


(41)All of the following statements are true EXCEPT that

1. Japan’s financial aid still leaves much to be

desired.

2. proper corrections to Japan’s ODA will yield more

desirable results in the future.

3. Japan’s ODA should be restrained so as not to make

the local people too dependent on it.

4. Japan’s ODA should be given to the people in poor

nations in a more effective manner


解答 (38)3 (39)4 (40)2 (41)3


まずタイトルを見ます。「Japan’s Economic

Aid」から「日本の経済援助」の「歴史、現状、課題、解決策」などが述べられていると推測します。


最初のパラグラフのメインアイディアを確認します。一番初めの文は「長年日本が経済援助を行ってきた」という事実が書かれているのみです。次を読みます。するとwhileを使って日本の経済援助のプラス点マイナス点が対照的に述べられています。対比表現は重要です!特に後半の「it is also true that increasing numbers of people claim that Japan’s financial help is not properly monitored or effectively used for

people in need, and that there are many problems piling up.」部分から「日本の経済援助が適切に監視され、効果的に用いられていない、問題が山積している」がわかります。


ここで設問(38)を見ます。「日本の経済援助の問題点の一つは何か」をきていて、先ほど確認した内容で答えが出そうです。1,は「Japan has not offered sufficient

economic aid」の部分が間違い、2.は「~people

criticize Japan for impeding the prosperity~」が間違い、4は記載がないので間違い。3.がwhile部分の後半と内容が一致するので正解となります。


第2段落に進みます。このパラグラフのメインアイディアは「Let

us first consider the importance of the effective monitoring system.(まず初めに効果的な監視制度の重要性についてよく考えましょう。)」と段落終わりあたりの「Another thing is that those who use the money have to release a

report to the monitoring organization, showing the details of what they spent

the money on.(もう一つはお金を使う人がそれを何に使ったかの詳細を示す報告書を監視団体に提出すべきことです。)」になるかと思います。


つまり「効果的な監視制度の重要性」と「お金を使っている人の報告義務」がこの段落の重要ポイントになります。これらの目印として「first consider」の「first」と「Another thing」の「another」が呼応していて要点が2つあることに気づくことが必要です。


ここで設問(39)を見ます。1,は「~punish corrupted local politicians severely」が間違い。2.は「Japan should make recipient countries

enact strict laws」が間違い。3は「~be

open to Japan」が間違い。4.は「Japan

should establish the effective system of checking」と「those

who use the money have to release a report」と一致するので正解。


次に第3パラグラフと第4パラグラフのメインアイディアを確認します。それぞれ段落最初の「we should always keep in mind that Japan’s

financial assistance should be offered to best benefit the local people(経済援助は現地の人の利益になるべき)」と「Japan ought to offer economic assistance in a sustainable fashion.(日本の経済援助は存続可能なやり方で提供されるべき)」になります。タイとフィリピンの事例は「現地の人の利益になっていない例」と「存続可能なやり方で提供されていない例」として挙げられています。従ってこの内容に合っている設問(40)の選択肢が正解になります。


1,3,4はいずれも第3パラグラフと第4パラグラフのメインアイディアとその事例から外れています。従って2.の「To argue that Japan’s ODA can hardly bring the greatest merits to the people in need.(日本の経済援助が必要としている人に最大の利益をもたらしていないことを論じるため)」が正解となります。


最後の段落はそれまでの内容のサマリーとなっていて「the government should properly

give financial aid with a good monitoring system, to the advantage of local

people and as effective assistance.(政府は地元の人々の利益になるように優れた監視制度付きで経済援助を適切に提供すべき)」と言っています。


設問(41)です。適切でないものを選ぶ問題です。3の「Japan’s ODA should be restrained(日本の経済援助は抑えられるべき)」はどこにものべられていません。これが正解となります。


この長文四択問題は英検1級の標準的なレベルより易しかったかもしれません。しかしながら、「タイトルから【筆者の意図を予測】する大切さ」「メインアイディアを押さえる重要性」「抽象→具体の意味の流れ」「対比表現や列挙表現(First, another)の重要性」「正解は本文部分のパラフレーズ(言い換え)」「誤答は本文内容の逆か記載なし」などがお分かりいただけたかと存じます。


私の主観ですが、時間との戦いが過酷な英検1級の試験では長文すべてを隅から隅まで丁寧に読んでいる暇はありません。「作者のイイタイコトと設問の根拠を効果的に本文から探し出す、押さえ込む」が必須テクニックだと信じています。

これをマスターすれば四択長文問題はきっと得点源となり、英検1級合格の強力な武器になると思います。


この記事がお役に立てたら幸いです。最後まで読んでくださりありがとうございました。

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