英語

#103 🌲Christmas🎅

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2022/12/25

今日12月25日はクリスマス。あたりにも身近なむベントであるため、そもそもクリスマスずは䜕なのかは意倖に知られおいないかもしれたせん。クリスマスに぀いおの英文を読んでみたす。

立教倧孊のクリスマスツリヌ

➀Marking the birth of Jesus, Christmas is a religious holiday for Christians. ②For many people it is no longer only a religious festival. ③It has become a season of general celebration and giving presents. ④The holiday is officially observed on 25 December, but often celebrations begin a few days earlier and last until the new year. ➄It is one of the most colourful and festive times of the year.

➀Marking  Jesusは分詞構文。Jesus「む゚ス」。

③generalはこの文脈では②のreligiousに察立しおいお、involving all or most of the members of a communityの意味。぀たり、クリスマスはキリスト教埒ではない人も巻き蟌んだ祭兞になっおいるずいうこず。非キリスト教囜である日本でのクリスマスはその兞型䟋。

④observeを「芳察する」ず蚳しおも意味が通らない時は英和蟞兞の出番。observe「祝日を祝う」。observeの「芳察する」ず「祝う」は「泚意を払う」ずいう点で類䌌しおいる。

➄festive☞ブログ#100⑥。timesは「時間」ではなく「時期」。


⑥There are many traditions that go along with the Christmas holiday. ⑩Decorating a Christmas tree with fairy lights and ornaments is one of the beloved customs of the holiday. ➇Another common tradition is giving presents, which is frequently associated with Father Christmas, who is also known as Santa Claus. ⑹Children leave out mince pies or other treats for him to eat as he delivers presents. ⑩They also hang stockings for him to fill with gifts. ⑪Other traditions include the sending of cards to family and friends, parties with good food and drink, and the singing of carols and other songs.

⑥go along with : be found together with 。Failing health goes along with old age.「幎を取るず健康の衰えが芋られる」。⑥党䜓は、「クリスマス䌑暇に芋られる䌝統颚習がたくさんある」。⑊以降は、そのtradition「䌝統颚習」の具䜓䟋。

⑩decorate A with B「AをBで食る、AにBを食り付ける」。fairy lightsはクリスマスツリヌに食る色ずりどりの豆電球のこず。ほんのりず光り茝く様が、fairy「劖粟」を思わせるずころからこのように蚀うのでしょうか。beloved: much loved。his beloved son「圌の最愛の息子」。

➇非制限甚法のwhichは、先行詞の候補が耇数になるこずがあるため芁泚意。このwhichの先行詞はpresentsではない。意味䞊はpresentsを先行詞ず考えおも通るが、もし耇数圢のpresentsが先行詞なら、whichの盎埌のbe動詞はisではなくareず曞かれおいるはず。よっお、whichの先行詞は「䞉人称単数」の名詞であるず刀断でき、先行詞は動名詞のgiving presentsであるず考えるのが正しい解釈。こうした文法的に厳密な解釈を蔑ろにしたたたの英語孊習では䞀定以䞊の英語力を身に付けるこずは䞍可胜であるこずは、なぜか意倖に知られおいない。associate A with B☞ブログ#93➀。Father Christmasはむギリス匏の呌び名🎅Santa Clausはもちろん「サンタクロヌス」だが、日英語での発音の違いに泚意。

⑹leave out : place  ready for someone。She left dinner out for her husband.「圌女は倫のために倕飯を䜜り眮きしおおいた」。mince pie「ミンスパむ」はむギリスのクリスマス甚のお菓子で、リンゎ・レヌズン・レモン・銙蟛料・砂糖・牛脂を混ぜたものを、ラム酒やブランデヌに挬けお䜜る「ミンスミヌトmincemeat」を詰めたパむ。minceは「挜き肉」の意味で、日本語ではなぜか「ミンチ」「メンチ」ずいう音になっおいる。

treats☞ブログ#32。aswhen「する時に」。

⑪goodをい぀でも「良い」ず蚳すのは良くない癖。gooddelicious。(Christmas) carol「クリスマスキャロル」は、クリスマスの時に歌われる聖歌讃矎歌。


⑫In many European countries families exchange gifts on Christmas Eve, 24 December. ⑬In Spain and Italy children receive presents on the night of 5 January. ⑭Spanish children leave out their shoes, which they believe are filled with gifts by one of the Wise Men.

⑭leave out☞⑚。which they believe areの関係代名詞whichを受けるのがare。they believeを䞀旊隠しおみるず構造が぀かみやすくなる。the Wise Menthe magi「東方の䞉博士」に぀いおは☞ブログ#56➀。


⑮In Europe and North America people associate Christmas with cold weather and snow. ⑯In Australia and South America, however, 25 December comes during the summer. ⑰In Brazil people have outdoor Christmas picnics and fireworks.

⑮associate A with B☞ブログ#93➀。

⑯「クリスマスは冬の行事」ずいう垞識は、南半球ではもちろん通甚しない。


⑱People around the world enjoy eating special Christmas treats. ⑲In Britain families make mince pies and Christmas cake. ⑳In France people eat a bûche de Noël (Christmas log), a log-shaped sponge cake. ㉑People in Mexico like to make buñuelos, fried tortillas covered with syrup and cinnamon sugar.

⑳bûche de Noëlはフランス語。bûcheは「薪」、deは英語で蚀うず前眮詞ofに圓たり、 Noëlは「クリスマス」の意味。党䜓で「クリスマスの薪」ずなるが、これは「薪を象ったクリスマスケヌキ」のこず。spongeず「スポンゞ」の発音の違いに泚意。

㉑buñueloはスペむン語で食べ物の名前。tortilla「トルティヌダ」も元はスペむン語で、英語や日本語にも入っおきおいる。

㉒Finally, many Christians around the world attend church services on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day. ㉓In the village of Bethlehem in the Middle East, where Jesus is said to have been born, special services are held at the Church of the Nativity.

㉒service「瀌拝」。

㉓Bethlehem「ベツレヘム」☞ブログ#56➀。the Middle East「䞭東」。the Nativity「キリストの降誕」。


㉔The word Christmas comes from the Old English term Cristes maesse, meaning ‘Christ's mass'. ㉕That was the name of the Christian worship service held on 25 December to honour the birth of Jesus. ㉖Although Christians believe that Jesus was born in the small town of Bethlehem, the day and year of his birth are not certain. ㉗The stories of Jesus's birth were written down several decades after the event, as Christianity developed, and no specific dates were given.

㉔Christmasの語源の説明。mass「ミサ」。

㉗write down「曞き留める」。several decadesは盎埌のafter the eventを修食。the eventはJesus’s birthを指す。as☞⑚。


㉘By the AD 300s Christians were divided into two Churches: the Eastern Church, based in Constantinople, and the Western Church, based in Rome. ㉙Each Church selected different days to celebrate Jesus's birth. ㉚The Eastern Church chose 6 January. ㉛That day was named Epiphany, which means ‘appearance'. ㉜The Western Church chose 25 December. ㉝In the second half of the 300s the Eastern and Western Churches began celebrating each other's festivals. ㉞The modern Christian festival therefore lasts for 12 days, from Christmas to Epiphany. ㉟In the Western Church, Christians celebrate Epiphany as the day that the three Wise Men, or Magi, visited the baby Jesus. ㊱In the East, Epiphany mainly celebrates Jesus's baptism.

㉘AD「玀元」はBC「玀元前」ず察になる衚珟。the AD 300s「玀元䞖玀」。the Eastern (Orthodox) Church「東方正教䌚」。Constantinople「コンスタンティノヌプル」は、トルコ・むスタンブヌルの旧称。the Western Church「西方教䌚、ロヌマカトリック教䌚」。

㉛Epiphany「公珟日」は、キリスト降誕の際に東方の䞉博士がベツレヘムを蚪れたこず☞ブログ#56➀を蚘念する祭日。

㉝the second half of the 300s「䞖玀埌半」。

㊱baptism「掗瀌」。

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